Vigyan Shala

 Chemistry Definitions: Chemistry is the outlet of Science concerned with Matter. It deals with the study of Composition of the Substances from Matter and also investigates properties and Reactions of Matter .Branches of Chemistry is described below:   Chemistry  deals with every single facet of our life. It is a statistic fact now a day man lived in the World of Chemicals. In every aspect, all Human Beings are off and on dependent on the other different living organisms. Which need Water. Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide for their life survival. Nowadays Chemistry has a wide scope in all facets of life. It plays a vital role in serving the civilization day and night.    Branches of Chemistry There are various Branches of Chemistry. Chemistry is divided into main branches:              Physical Chemistry     General Chemistry     Organic Chemistry     Inorganic Chemistry     Biochemistry     Industrial Chemistry     Nuclear Chemistry     Environmental Chemistry     Analytical Chemistry  

    Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.[1] It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.  In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant chemistry (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene (forensics).

   You will be surprised to know that a lot of scientific knowledge was evolved in ancient India, so many years ago. During this period Science and Mathematics were highly developed and Ancient Indians had contributed immensely. Ayurveda is the indigenous system of medicine that was developed in Ancient Period. Even the science of Yoga was also developed as an allied science of Ayurveda. In this article we will see the contributions of some scientists of ancient India. 1. Aryabhatta He was a fifth century mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and physicist. - At the age of 23, he wrote Aryabhattiya which is a summary of mathematics of his time. - First time he had calculated the value of pi at 3.1416. - He showed that zero was not a numeral only but also a symbol and a concept . Infact the discovery of zero enabled Aryabhatta to find out the exact distance between the earth and the moon. And zero discoveries opened a new dimension of negative numerals.   Aryabhatta c

Biography of Meghnad Saha   An eminent Indian scientist and astrophysicist, Meghnad Saha was born on the 6th of October, 1893 in Shaoratoli, a village near Dhaka (in present-day Bangladesh) which was then part of the Bengal Presidency. He developed the Saha Ionization equation, which is one of the basic tools for interpreting the physical and chemical conditions in stars. He also invented an instrument for measuring the pressure and weight of solar rays. Known as the chief architect on river planning in India, the original plan of the Damodar Valley Project was prepared by him. An eminent scientist, he was the founder and editor of the journal Science and Culture. In 1943, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkata was founded in his name. He died on the 16th of February, 1956 in New Delhi.

Biography of Satyendranath Bose   Best known for his collaboration with Albert Einstein for the development of the foundation of the Bose-Einstein statistics and his work on quantum mechanics, Satyendranath Bose was an eminent Indian scientist, physicist and mathematician. He was born on the 1st of January, 1894 in Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London and was also awarded the Padma Vibhushan (the second-highest civilian award in India) by the government of India in 1954. Visva-Parichay, the only book by Rabindranath Tagore on science, was dedicated to him in 1937. The eminent physicist Paul Dirac named a class of particles that followed the bose- einstein statistics as bosons after the name of this eminent scientist. Satyendranath Bose died on the 4th of February, 1974.

  Biography of Prafulla Chandra Ray Regarded as the father of chemical science in India, Prafulla Chandra Ray was born on the 2nd of August, 1861 in Raruli-Katipara village in the Jessore district of the then Bengal Presidency of British India (in present-day Bangladesh). He was the founder of India’s first pharmaceutical company, Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, established in 1901 in Kolkata. This eminent Bengali was the author of the book A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenth Century. For his work, he was honoured with the first-ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Prafulla Chandra Ray died on the 16th of June, 1944.

Biography of Jagadish Chandra Bose   Considered the father of Bengali science fiction, Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in Mymensingh in the Bengal Presidency(in present-day Bangladesh) on 30th November 1858. His contributions to plant science are significant, such as the invention of the crescograph, a device that could measure the growth of plants. He also played a pioneering role in the investigation of radio and microwave optics. He was one of the few scientists who were opposed to patenting any of his inventions. To honour him, a crater has been named after him on the moon. J. C. Bose died on 23rd November 1937.

Biography of Subhramanyan Chandrashekhar    Subrahmanyan Chandrashekhar was an astrophysicist and Indian scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983. He received the Nobel prize for his contribution to the study of physical processes necessary for the structure and evolution of stars. His most famous discovery was that massive stars could collapse under their own gravity to reach infinite densities. These collapsed stars are known as neutron stars or black holes, as we may call them today.

  Biography of Salim Ali   Popular as the Birdman of India, Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was born on the 12th of November, 1896 in Bombay, Maharashtra. A naturalist and ornithologist, Salim Ali was the first Indian who conducted systematic surveys on birds across India. He played an important role in the establishment of the Bharatpur bird sanctuary, along with contributing to the development of the Bombay Natural History Society which made him one of the profound Indian scientists. For his contributions, the Indian Government awarded him with the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan in 1958 and 1976 respectively. He wrote the ten-volume Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan in association with the American ornithologist, Sidney Dillon Ripley. Salim Ali died on the 20 of June 1987.

Biography of C.V. Raman   Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an eminent Indian physicist who had immense contributions in the field of light scattering. He was born on 7th November 1888 in Trichy, Tamil Nadu and is best known for his discovery of the phenomenon of scattering of light which is famously known as the Raman effect. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in 1930, making him the first Indian or Asian to receive the prize in any branch of science. He was honoured with the highest civilian award by the government of India, the Bharat Ratna, in 1954. C.V. Raman died on 21st November

Biography of  Srinivasa Ramanujan    Born on 22nd December 1887 in Tamil Nadu, Ramanujan was an eminent mathematician who had made significant contributions in mathematical analysis, infinite series, number theory and continued fractions. An independent mathematician, he developed original and novel results such as the Ramanujan theta function, the Ramanujan prime, mock theta functions, partition formulae etc. A scientific journal was established to publish research in all the areas influenced by him, named The Ramanujan Journal. He was the first Indian to be elected a fellow of the Trinity College, Cambridge and was one of the youngest fellows of the Royal Society. Ramanujan died on the 26th of April, 1920.

  Biography of Homi Jehangir Bhabha   Popularly known as the father of the Indian nuclear programme, Homi Jehangir Bhabha was born on the 30th of October, 1909. An eminent nuclear physicist, he played the key role in convincing the senior party leaders of the Congress, especially Jawaharlal Nehru to start an ambitious nuclear program in India. He established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay in 1945 and the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948, also serving as the chairman of the latter. Homi Bhaba died in a plane crash while on the way to Austria on the 24th of January, 1966.

  Biography of APJ Abdul Kalam APJ Abdul Kalam was a one of the greatest Indian scientist  an greatest inspiration for youth. You deferentially   read this little Biography of APJ. Abdul Kalam  Born in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu on the 15th of October 1931, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was a well known Indian scientist and politician. He served as India’s president for one term between 2002 to 2007. He started his career as an aerospace engineer in the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), where he designed helicopters for the Indian Army. he was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969, where he was the project director of SLV- III, India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle which was successful in deploying the satellite Rohini in the near-earth orbit in 1980. Under his leadership, India saw rapid development in missile production and nuclear weapons programs. APJ Abdul Kalam, India’s Missile Man died on the 27th of July, 2015.   Read this a

 Indian Scientists and their contributions    today Science become Crucial part of are life and it  is an indispensable part of our lives .Whether it be the small light bulb to big machines everything around us is a result of dynamic scientific inventions, based on unique ideas of bright minds. Behind this groundbreaking scientific  theories, inventions and Discoveries  scientists always play a crucial role and their contribution  means a lot to the society   India has always been scientifically advanced from ancient to contemporary times. Evidence of this can be found in various historic Indian texts and manuscripts. .  Do you know many of these scientific innovations are a curation of Indian scientists? Lets see the Top Indian Scientists and their contributions 1:C.V Raman    Discovered the Raman Effect in Physics   2:Subhramanyan Chandrashekhar     Chandrasekhar limit which is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star  3:Ramanujan   Findings on Infinite series for pi, ana